A breeding resident. Uncommon. Found widely but sparsely across the Waterberg; much less frequent in the surrounding thorn savanna (86% on, 14% off, recorded in 16% of the Waterberg pentads); in territorial pairs year-round, but single birds are usually encountered; territories are mostly centred along ranges of hills and most nests (which are reused in successive years) are on cliff ledges. Breeds during early summer.