A breeding resident. Uncommon. Unobtrusive, so easily overlooked; recorded widely but sparsely across the Waterberg (recorded in 11% of the Waterberg pentads); its occurrence is seemingly much dependent on the availability of undisturbed breeding sites – these are either in copses of trees in well-wooded kloofs or river valleys, or in mature stands of eucalypts. Breeds in winter, pairs typically reusing the same nest in successive years.